• Chapter 9 Muscles And Muscle Tissue Study Guide Answers

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology (Eighth Edition) Study guide for my anatomy class over the muscle system goes over: - differences between the three muscle types (cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle tissue) - anatomy of skeletal muscle - function of muscle - microscopic anatomy of a muscle cell - skeletal muscle activity - ect. Some of the muscles were supposed to be hilighted (i have a tablet pc) but it got kinda messed up in the transfer i guess. You can still read the muscles though, but its kinda hard to see the person's muscles. Hopefully its not too bad. I really hope this helps!:). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology (Eighth Edition) Study guide for my anatomy class over the muscle system goes over: - differences between the three muscle types (cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle tissue) - anatomy of skeletal muscle - function of muscle - microscopic anatomy of a muscle cell - skeletal muscle activity - ect.

Some of the muscles were supposed to be hilighted (i have a tablet pc) but it got kinda messed up in the transfer i guess. You can still read the muscles though, but its kinda hard to see the person's muscles. Hopefully its not too bad. I really hope this helps!:).

Muscle Physiology Unit Study Guide 1. What do muscles cell need to do mechanical work? Muscles: convert the chemical energy of into mechanical work. What are the three different kinds of muscles are found in vertebrate animals?. Skeletal.

Cardiac. Smooth 3.

Chapter 9 Muscles And Muscle Tissue Study Guide Answers

Draw each muscle type and characteristics: Skeletal: multinucleated, striated, voluntary, moves bone Cardiac: uninucleate, striated, branching, involuntary (autorhythmic), gap junction, intercalated discs Smooth: nonstriated, involuntary, moves hollow organs (lumen) evolved first 4. Describe how a muscle moves with an antagonistic pair. An extensor works against a flexor. One contracts while the other relaxes. Biceps is the flexor and the triceps the extensor.

Both work to move the lower arm. Define/describe: tendon. Insertion, origin and belly of a muscle. Be able to diagram.

All muscles grow from their origin (the site that does not move during a contraction), get wider in the belly and taper down into a tendon attaching at the insertion point (the location that moves during a contraction) Bicep origin in humerus and clavicle (acromian process) and inserts on the radius 6. Describe the difference between a tendon and a ligament: Tendon is fascia ( fibrous CT) that connects muscle to bone Ligament is fascia ( fibrous CT) that connects bone to bone 7. Be able to draw a diagram of and label the following: perimysium, muscle fiber, fascicle, epimysium, endomysium and tendon 8.

Why does skeletal muscle look striated? The striated appearance of the muscle fiber is created by a pattern of alternating dark A bands and light I bands. 10.What is the functional unit of a muscle contraction? Sarcomere 11.

What is a sarcomere comprised of? Diagram would be good. Interacting proteins – thin filaments. braided strands – actin – tropomyosin – troponin – thick filaments. myosin 12. What is the function of gap junctions in muscle cells?

Gap junction allows for coordinated behavior= contractions 13. Describe the function of cross bridges:. Cross bridges – connections formed between myosin heads (thick filaments) & actin (thin filaments) – cause the muscle to shorten (contract) – 14. Where is ATP needed? To release the cross bridge.To remove the myosin head from the actin active site 15. Describe the muscle at rest: - no Ca2 in the sarcoplasm – at rest, troponin molecules hold tropomyosin fibers so that they cover the myosin-binding sites on actin.

troponin has Ca2+ binding sites 16. Motor neurons activate the muscle through what molecule? The neurotransmitter: acetylcholine 17. How does the nerve trigger muscle action?. Nerve signal travels down T-tubule:stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle cell to release stored Ca2+ =flooding muscle fibers with Ca2 which in turn binds to troponin leading to tropomyosin to slide = uncovering the active site on actin = allowing myosin heads to attach ( CROSS BRIDGE) 18.

Explain the role of Ca in contraction: See above. When SR pumps all the Ca back in then the muscle relaxes. Requires ATP Myosin binds actin: uses ATP to 'ratchet' each time – releases, 'unratchets' & binds to next actin Myosin pulls actin chain along = Sarcomere shortens =Z discs move closer together. Whole fiber shortens ® contraction! Explain how Botox works: Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin: blocks release of acetylcholine 20.

Which has more control a single motor neuron triggers fewer than 10 fibers in the muscles or 200 fibers? The smaller then number of fibers= greater control 21. Explain the 2 mechanisms the NS has for controlling graded whole muscle contractions:.

Recruitment: strength is determined by the number of motor units participating and/or by selecting large or small motor units 2. Varying rate of muscle fiber stimulation 22. Do Muscles ever REST?

No: Tonus: skeletal muscles are in a state of partial contraction 23. What is meant by tension in a muscle?. Force (tension) developed by a muscle progressively increases as more and more of the motor neurons controlling the muscle are activated 24. How can posture muscles keep you upright all day?

Alternate activation of motor units: Reducing time any one set of fibers is contracted 25. Describe two ways you can sense light pressure vs great pressure 1. More frequent action potentials 2. More receptors activated 26. What is tetanus?

Be able to diagram from a twitch to tetanus. When the rate is high enough and the muscle fiber cannot relax at all between stimuli the twitches fuse into one smooth sustained contraction called – tetanus 27.

Be able to label and describe the phases of a myogram 28. What is fibrillation? Anything that interferes with this synchronous wave (such as damage to part of the heart muscle from a heart attack) may cause the fibers of the heart to beat at random — called fibrillation. Does the heart go into tetanus? The refractory period in heart muscle is longer than the period it takes for the muscle to contract (systole) and relax (diastole). Thus tetanus is not possible (a good thing, too!). 30.Why does cardiac muscle have more mitochondria than skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle has a much richer supply of mitochondria than skeletal muscle. This reflects its greater dependence on cellular respiration for ATP 31. Describe Isotonic versus Isometric Contractions: Isotonic: the muscle is allowed to shorten Isometric: a stimulated muscle is held so that it cannot shorten, it simply exerts tension. How do you increase strength versus endurance? Strength= size of contractile force (cross section of the muscle’s belly) Endurance: increases in CP, MB,Glycogen,Lung capacity, RBC count 33.

How muscles grow initially? Skeletal muscle forms by fusion of mononucleated myoblasts = mutinucleated myotubes. Why don’t normal muscle cells divide throughout life? Myostatin suppresses skeletal muscle development.

How do adults, increased strength and muscle mass? Increase in the thickness of the individual fibers 2. Increase in the amount of connective tissue 36. Define Atrophy. What can cause it?

Atrophy is the partial or complete away of a part of the. Causes:poor, poor, loss of support, loss of supply, disuse or lack of disease intrinsic to the tissue 37. What is the general cause of ALS? Myasthenia gravis? ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) = motor neurons degenerate Myasthenia gravis: auto-immune= antibodies to acetylcholine receptors 38. List in order of use the 3 sources of high-energy phosphate to keep the ATP pool filled.

Creatine phosphate 2. Cellular respiration in the mitochondria of the fibers. Where is creatine found in the body? When is it used? Why is it good to have? The pool of creatine phosphate in the muscle fiber is about 10 times larger than that of ATP and thus serves as a modest reservoir of ATP. Easily accessed & produces ATP in 1 step 10-15 secATP 40.

Why do we store and use glycogen? Fast way to make ATP in a few steps: cut the branched glycogen into glucose and then make ATP in the cytosol in the muscle fiber In liver add the step of transporting glucose through the blood to the muscle 41. What are the draw backs of glycolysis?

Inefficient= only 2 ATP; make lactic acid 42. Name the mechanism used to regulate the amount of blood sugar.

Negative Feedback 43. So why do we need to cellular respiration? To meet the ATP needs of a muscle engaged in prolonged activity. Small stores of CP and Glycogen cannot sustain us.

Benefits of respiration? 34 ATP per glucose, big time!! Draw backs of respiration: Takes a long time to get all those steps going and you need enough oxygen to keep them going. What is oxygen debt and how do we repay it? After a workout, we need to enable the body to resynthesize glycogen from the lactic acid produced earlier (deep breathing continues for a time after exercise is stopped). Recovery: oxygen consumption after exercise Increased breathing rate – enhanced O2 delivery.

“oxygen debt”: add O2 over and above O2 consumed when resting. 1. Be able to convert lactic acid back to glycogen (liver). 2. Resynthesize Cp and ATP.

3. Replace O2 removed from Mb Use O2.

Increased body temp = inc. Chem rate of reaction = inc. ATP metabolism. Heart muscles work harder. Tissue repair at increased rate 47.

Describe Type 1 Fibers: Slow twitch: 1. Loaded with mitochondria and 2. Depend on for ATP production 3. The major energy source 4. Resistant to fatigue.

rich in (red in color= the 'dark' meat of the turkey). activated by small-diameter, thus slow-conducting, motor neurons. dominant in muscles used in activities requiring endurance (leg muscles) and those that depend on tonus, e.g., those responsible for posture 48. Describe Type II: Fast Twitch fibers:. few mitochondria.

rich in and. depend on creatine phosphate and for ATP production. fatigue easily with the production of lactic acid. low in myoglobin hence whitish in color (the white meat of the turkey). activated by large-diameter, thus fast-conducting, motor neurons. also known as 'fast-twitch' fibers. dominant in muscles used for rapid movement, e.g., those moving the eyeballs.

What is myoglobin and how does it work? Is the primary -carrying of tissues.

Mb binds to O2 when O2 is plentiful and releases O2 when concentrations are low 50. What causes Muscle Fatigue? Lack of sugar; lack of ATP to restore Ca2+ gradient; low O2; lactic acid drops pH which interferes with protein function; synaptic fatigue (failure of nerve impulse), loss of Ach 51.

Solution manual system analysis and design 5th. What causes Muscle cramps? Build up of lactic acid, ATP depletion, ion imbalance 52.

What is Livor Mortis As a body decomposes, blood seeps down through the tissues and settles into the lower parts of the body. RBC begin to break = spilling contents. Hemoglobin turns purple when outside of RBC.

Purple color is visible on skin where blood pools 53. How can livor mortis help determine time of death? First begins 2 hrs after death. Discoloration becomes permanent after 8 hours. If death occurred between 2 and 8 hrs lividity will be present but if the skin is pressed the color will disappear.

After 8 hours, lividity remains Might Reveal if the body has been moved = Dual lividity 54. What is rigor mortis?

- Rigor Mortis: temporary death stiffness 55. What causes rigor mortis?

Within 2 hours the body’s decrease in oxygen causes a decrease in ATP so Ca is not being pumped back into the SR and no ATP is available to release the cross bridge. Muscle stays contracted until decay begins 56. How can rigor mortis help determine time of death? - Starts within 2 hours - Starts in the head working down to the legs - After 12 hours, most rigid state - After 24-36 hours gradually lose stiffness due to acid formation (degradation) - Rigidity in face and neck: recent (2 hrs) - Body is rigid but not in face then over 15 hrs - If a body shows no rigor death occurred less than 2 hours or more than 48 57.

What is Algor mortis and how can it help determines time of death? Algor mortis: “death heat”: Rule of thumb estimate: lose 1 degree/hour for a range 58. How can the contents of the Digestive Tract help estimate the time of death?.

4 – 6 hours for the stomach to empty contents into S.I. Another 12 hours for food to leave the S.I. 24 hours for a meal to be eaten and undigested food leaves the L.I.